Finally!!!

The height of the grass doesn't determine the quality or the amount of hay.  The tops and stems do not provide food, it's in the leaves.  The real value of the hay is between the bottom and where you can begin to see through the grass.  The grass this year was very tall and thick.  This stand is dry land just outside the yard on a fence row.

As I may have mentioned before, it's all about the grass. Grass grows in some form in every type of climate, at every altitude, all around the world.  70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water.  Of the remaining 30% of the Earth's surface, only 40% of that is arable. Arable means capable of sustaining crops or pasture.  If my math is correct, that's 12% of the surface.  Of that 12%, only one third is good for raising crops while the other two thirds is good for pasture or grass.  Animals, like cattle, are able to double the amount of the Earth's surface on which we can raise food by eating the grass and transforming it into high quality protein.  In addition, these animals are able to consume  the parts of plants people don't eat like beet tops, soy vines,  the residue from breweries and biodiesel processing plants, to mention a few, and turn those into protein as well.  While some is composted, there is too much and for esthetic and health reasons would have to be disposed of in landfills or dried and burned.  It's much more environmentally friendly to have cattle eat it, turn it into protein for human consumption and other by products.  My neighbor who builds power and biodiesel plants for a living did point out to me that it wasn't by accident that many of the bio fuel plants were built next to large feedlots.

Preparing to Hay
Haying season actually began just a year ago.  After we had put up the equipment last fall, we spent time preparing some areas of the dry land hay ground for the coming year.  There is a reason that the area we live in is called the Rocky Mountains.  It seems that we are able to grow rocks.  Every other year we spend time picking up rocks. Even though we had cleared the area of rocks, they seem to grow back over the course of time.  The removal of rocks helps to prevent costly break downs in both money and time.

The designs on the baseball diamonds are made in the same way as the designs in our fields, by dragging. The design will be gone within a couple of weeks as the grass begins to grow.

In the spring when the snow goes from the fields, it is time to "drag" all the fields.  We use a harrow which looks live a very large net made of steel.  It has 4 inch spike like protrusions which go down into the sod. It is called dragging because we hook it up to the hitch on the tractor and drag it across all of the hay fields. This serves a number of purposes.  First, it smooths the ground.  Pocket gophers dig tunnels under the ground and this harrow knocks the tunnels down flat. Running equipment across smooth ground is good for the equipment and good for the back of the tractor operator.  If we're lucky, it discourages the gophers and encourages them to move to a different area.  The spikes put scratches through the sod helping to reduce compaction.  As time goes by, sod grows thick and doesn't allow water or air to get to the roots of the plants.  Putting scratches through the sod allows for water and air to reach the roots.  It also allows seeds to settle in these scratches and not be washed away by wind or heavy runoff so the seed can begin to grow when the conditions are right.  These are all the same reasons that the urban lawn owner  had plugs pulled from their yard in the fall.   An additional reason for dragging the meadow is to spread the manure all across the irrigated hay ground.  That is where we fed the cattle all winter and spreading it out not only makes sure that the manure fertilizes all parts of the meadow but also keeps the fresh manure from burning the grass.  Our fields respond being harrowed in the spring.  It seems to stimulate growth and the grass really begins to grow after being harrowed (dragged).  This is something we do every year, no matter how much fuel costs.  We cut back on other things but never on such an important part of the maintenance of our hay fields.

The next preparation for haying which happens in the spring is the spraying program. Before you can spray weeds, the sprayer must be checked for any leaks. Then the sprayer needs to be calibrated.  The pattern of each nozzle must be checked and the output of each nozzle is checked.  Then, the output of sprayer is determined for the speed that the tractor travels.  This lets us know the rate of application so we can use the chemicals correctly.  If you use too much, depending on the chemical, you not only waste money but more importantly may do long term damage to the area.  Following the application guidelines is extremely important.  Our sprayer is pulled by one of the tractors and holds only 250 gallons.  Anything larger would be more likely to roll on the steep hill sides where we must go.  Not only are the weeds sprayed in the dry land hay fields but also in the pasture.

In our state, there are certain weeds that land owners are required to control.  There is also a list of weeds which landowners must control put out by the county.  We have always waged a war on weeds with a spray plan for both spring and fall since we took over the ranch in 1975.  Jim's father engaged in a stringent weed spray plan before him.

Weeds are, by definition,  plants which grow where they are not wanted.  A tomato plant in the middle of a lawn could be considered a weed.  Weeds can come from a variety of places and must be taken care of before they squeeze out the native species of plants. Sometimes weeds come as seeds within hay bales which come from outside the area.  Most of the ranchers we know are very cautious where they buy their hay from.  Another way weeds enter places is by starting out as decorative plants which then find the area too well,  I understand the kudzu in Florida actually began as a plant sold by nurseries as ground cover.  Toad flax which looks like snapdragons is such a weed found here in our county. Sometimes the seeds are carried into the area in the coat of animals.  White top was brought into our county in the coats of sheep and we've been fighting it ever since.  Each plant produces thousands of seeds which look like powder.  These seeds can lay dormant for up to 30 years waiting for the right conditions. 

Toadflax is a weed which is on Colorado's list of noxious weeds.  It looks like an ornamental which has escaped from someone's garden.

Whitetop is thought to have been brought into the region in the fleece of sheep. It's seeds can lie dormant for a long time until the time is right for them to grow.

At the same time, the irrigation systems must be set up.  This year was an easy one for irrigating.  We had enough rain that the only system we used was flood irrigation.  This system is actually engineered.  It has to be well thought out and since this type of system depends on gravity the degree of fall of each ditch.   This is where water is brought to the field from the river through a big ditch.  Our ditch was built in the 1890's. From the main ditch, the water flows out at three different places into medium ditches.  These are called laterals.  Smaller ditches stretch out across the meadow from the laterals.  All along the ditches are places where a network of really small ditches spread out and  carry the water to all parts of the field.  The ditches are set up in such a way that it's easy to dam the ditch to force water out across different parts of the meadow.  It takes about 2 weeks for the meadow to dry enough to begin to cut the hay off.


 We didn't have to use the side roll where a big pipe runs across the field.  There are places where a hose  connects the big pipe carrying water to another pipe which has spray heads which cover a 30 foot wide swath all across the field when water flows into the system with force.  We also didn't use the water reel where a spray head is attached to a 5 foot reel which roles up the hose at a specific speed.  The water guns sat silent all summer also.  The water guns are the same kind of sprinklers that most parks use.  The biggest difference is that ours is about 5 feet tall rather than 3 to 4 inches.  Maybe we'll need them next year.  It was certainly a wet season and irrigation wasn't needed.  

How can you tell that hay season is done here at the Stanko Ranch?  The hay is all stacked.

Stacking the last of the round bales.  They are just the size we like for our equipment, almost 800 pounds each.

The small bales are for our son's horses, our horses, and filling the feed bunks when we wean calves. 

This small stack is what is left over.


This year we ended up with the 180 ton to feed our cattle over the winter plus an additional 105 ton.



The equipment has been readied for winter.  We use our equipment for a long time.  Because we live in such a harsh climate, our equipment requires special care.  First, each piece of equipment is cleaned thoroughly using an air compressor and paint brushes to remove all grass seed and residue.  That is followed by every inch being powerwashed and set out to dry.  After it has dried, each grease zirk is filled with grease and every chain is oiled.  Finally, each piece is put under shelter in the various sheds to be protected from the heavy snow and extreme temperatures.  This maintenance  program has  paid off.  The side delivery rake has served us since 1975, the stacker wagon since 1979, the small baler since 1985, and we expect the new 2-year-old round baler will be with us for a long time.

The final sign that hay season is over is that we receive visitors to our ranch to learn about how we manage our grass.  I guess since the family has been sustainably  ranching here on the same land for over a century and have been awarded the Leopold Conservation Award for Colorado in 2010, we have earned a certain amount of credibility with our management practices.  We always point out the we are the norm, not the exception in caring for our land.

The first group of visitors were for the Land Stewardship Class.  They were made up of real estate agents and a group of landowners who have never ranched before yet want to learn.   Some had small 35 to 40 acre properties while one of them had just purchased a ranch larger than ours. 

Land Stewardship Classes

The second group of visitors were from Afghanistan.  We know one was from their version of the Department of Agriculture and not sure who the other two were.  They were two men and a woman.  They were interested in our conservation and range management practices and to learn how we had managed with just two people to do the work that it used to take 10 to 15 people to accomplish and other technology.  It always amazes us when people bring different delegations here to visit.  In the past we have hosted a delegation from Uganda and a film crew from Moscow.

It was a cold rainy day when the delegation from Afghanistan visited.  It was interesting to find out that they were so delighted to be invited into the house to see how we lived.  While they had visited feedlots, other ranches, veterinarians; we were the first to invite them into our home and serve them cookies and tea.

There is so much more to tell about haying, so on Wednesday, I'll blog about determining when hay is ready to cut and how  was cut in the past and how we cut it here on our ranch.

Hurray for April! Maybe

During March, the snow level has dropped a lot.   April 1 at my friend's house in town.

 March is supposed to come in like a lion and leave like a lamb.  That's not the way it was this year at the ranch.  The first part of March was wonderful but the last week of March was wet, cool, and windy.  This kind of weather  is harder on new calves than really cold dry weather.  They need to be watched constantly.  I was gone for the last week in March to attend a couple of meetings with other cattle ranchers and to visit with the grandchildren during their spring break.  It was warm and windy on the front range with dry ground and temperatures which didn't drop lower than freezing. Because Jim and I are the owners and hired hands, we cannot both leave the ranch at the same time during the winter or during calving season.  While I was enjoying the warm dry weather, Jim was feeding and calving during the cool, wet, snowy last week of March.

On March 1, only the top pole could be seen.  This is April 1.  Lots of snow has melted.

The twin, no number, got a friend while I was gone.  The second bucket calf was one of three born that day and she shouldn't have had any problems.  The day was cool, not cold, and while it was snowing, they were only showers and the winds were calm. During the wet days, we feed the cattle twice a day instead of once.  The calves can snuggle in the dry hay to be warm and dry.  Jim had taken the first load of hay out to the cattle and  was moving snow to clear more area for the cows and calves.  He watched as the first two calves were born and got up and fed.  After some time spent having lunch and doing some trenching around the house, Jim returned to the meadow to give the cattle their second feeding.  He noticed a cow off by the trees which looked like she was trying to get a calf up to nurse. After he took a second load of hay out, the cow hadn't yet seemed successful in getting her calf up.  It was then that he went to check on her.  For some reason, instead of calving on a high spot, this particular cow had chosen to calve in a low spot.  The calf was stretched out in 3 inches of water, sopping wet, with her head resting on a frozen cowpie (what we call cow droppings because they're usually round, fairly flat, and about the size of a large pie.)  The calf's head resting on that cowpie was the reason that the calf had not drowned.

Jim waded into the water and stood the calf up.  He put his fingers into the calf's mouth.  The calf weakly tried to suck on his fingers but her mouth was cold.  This is an indication that the calf had not fed and this calf was too weak to stand to suck from her mother.  Jim loaded her up into the cab of the tractor and brought her to the house.  She was weak, wet, cold, dehydrated and shivering.  (Shivering a is mechanism used by mammals to generate heat within their body but it does use what energy stores the animal has.)  The first order of business was to get some energy and fluids into the calf.  For cases like this, we keep powdered electrolytes to mix with warm water.  There are two methods of getting the electrolytes into the calf, through the mouth or through a needle inserted into directly into their vein. ( Humans use electrolytes for the same purpose and get them in the same manner; think Gatorade.)  We give our calves electrolytes through the mouth.  Because she was so weak and cold, she could have only about a cup at a time.

Between the feedings of electrolytes and then colostrum, the calf needed to be warmed and dried.  When drying a cold, wet calf, you begin with lots and lots of towels,  You rub and rub.  This, however, only gets the surface moisture off and the calf is still cold. Much of the wetness has come off the legs, tail and ears; but the thicker hair around the core is still very wet.  The core is that area which covers the heart, stomach, and other organs. If the calf it to get warm, you need to warm the core (Underside of the calf ) If you get the blood warm in that area, the warm blood is pumped to the rest of the body and this warms all parts of the calf.  This is when you bring out the blow dryers.  It takes a long time to dry a calf if you are using only one hair dryer.  The fastest we have ever dried a calf is 20 minutes when I called three neighbors to bring their hairdryers and four of us worked on one calf at the same time.  Jim, because he was alone, had to alternate between feeding and drying the calf and it took most of the evening.

Early the next morning, the calf was returned to her mother.  The mother had been looking all over for her calf and was delighted to get her back.  It was another cold, wet, windy, day but all the calves were bouncing around, chasing each other, snuggling in the hay, and feeding; except for the calf that had gotten to come to the house.  Due to her being born in water and nearly drowning,she just didn't have the energy to keep up with her mother.  She was standing with her head down to her knees, wet and shivering by the second feeding of the day.  She just wasn't going to make it on her own.  She got to come up and join the first bucket calf.   Once we got her strong enough to stand and feed on her own, the bond between her mother and her was broken. She would have to become a full time bucket calf.  We had the same options for her as the first calf;  instead of going to the grandkids, she was going to live in Craig and get a new cow mother. Yesterday, April 2, the calf left for her new home.  It is our obligation to make sure that every calf gets a good start and is a healthy calf.

This calf is healthy and ready to be adopted by another mother cow in the low country.

A sign of spring, the snow gets rough on top.

The end of March has seen a lot of changes in the snowpack.  The snow depth has begun to fall as the snow melts.  One sign of spring is the golden willows change color.  They go from gray sticks along the river and creek banks to an actual yellow gold.  The surface of the snow changes from smooth to bumpy and the texture of the snow goes from a fine powder to coarse sugar granules and the snowballs go from smooth easily packed balls to hard to pack ice balls. When the snow melts, it melts from underneath.  Under the crusty surface, the snow becomes like a honeycomb, lots of air pockets with a crust on top.  It becomes impossible to walk on the crust and even the lightest weight breaks through.  Only the fox can maneuver across the crust on a warm afternoon.

Snow melts from underneath.  In April water runs everywhere.

April brings warm sunny days, mostly.  It also brings water running everywhere.  This is when all the ditching that we have been doing all during the month of March pays off.  It helps the water run off down the hill.  On the meadow,however, there is a berm between the feed and calving grounds and the river.  This keeps the water from running into the river and causes it to settle into the ground where the soil serves as a natural filter.  This is one way that we help to maintain good quality water in the Yampa River.

April is so changeable.  The first of April had sunshine and temperatures in the low 50's.  The second of April had sunshine and temperatures in the high 50'.  Today, April 3, wasn't a nice day on the ranch. It was cold with a blizzard of wet snow.  We have been monitoring the animals all day, making sure their mothers are well fed, that each calf is well cared for and warm.  Tonight, the twin will have a guest.  One calf seems to be weaker than the most and can use a night out of the cold and wet.  He will be brought up to the shed late at night, given supplemental feed both night and morning and returned to his mother in the morning.  We have found that our cows will take their calves back if we keep them only 12 hours at a time.

April 3 brings a blizzard with cold wet snow.  Maybe the sun will shine tomorrow.

Twins

The twin we brought to the calf shed today.

We were beginning to wonder if the cows in our breeding program were ever going to begin to calve.  Four of the five bred cows we bought to replace cows we had to sell had already calved.  The start date for our own cows was two days ago; but finally this morning at about 8 AM, the first cow of our herd presented us with not one but two calves.  Twins can mean problems. Over the last decade, we seem to have more than our share of twins with the highest number of sets of twins at six, most years it has ranged between two and three sets, but never less than one set.

A dairy farmer selects breeds of cattle which produce a large quantity of good quality milk.  A beef rancher selects breeds of cattle which will develop muscle with just the right amount of fat to provide high quality meat.  We are concerned that a beef cow have a good mothering instinct and produce enough high quality milk to grow her calf  and keep it healthy.  While a beef cow may be able to produce enough milk for two calves, it usually is at the expense of her own physical condition. Through years of observation, we have noticed that our cows deal with twins in one of two ways.  The first way is to feed the calf which is closest to her and demands food.  I jokingly tell my friends that because a cow can't count to two, she feeds which ever calf is closest to her and doesn't realize that there are two different calves.  In this instance, both calves become weak because neither gets adequate nourishment.  The second way that a cow deals with twins is to pick one and refuse the other.  From our observations, size, sex or strength don't have a baring on why a cow chooses one calf and refuses the other.  That's a study for the scientists.

When we have a set of twins born here on the ranch we always remove one calf so that the cow will raise only one.  This way the cow and the calf will both be strong.  Usually, when twins are born, a cow will have the first calf, clean it off, get it to stand and feed; then after awhile, leaving her first calf , she will go off to a different part of the calving grounds to have her second calf which she will clean off, get it to stand, and feed it. It from this point that we spend the day watching to see how the cow will react to her twins.  If the cow chooses one and refuses the other, it is easy to pick which one to pull (take away from its mother).  If the cow is willing to feed both calves then we must make the choice for her.  We usually pull the weaker or smaller calf.  For whatever reason the calf is pulled from its mother, it then becomes a "Bucket" calf; it's called that because we use a one gallon blue bucket with a nipple to feed it.  On some ranches where they use one gallon plastic bottles to feed the calf they're called bottle calves.

Measuring cups, bucket, colostrum, scale, whip, calculator, pen and paper are all used to make sure the calf gets what she needs.

The mother of today's twins was one of those mothers who seemed okay with both calves.  The smaller calf, a heifer, was born first and was an only calf for about two hours.  This meant that she had a great start, was completely dry and had a good dose of her mother's colostrum.  The cow went off to deliver her second calf.  He too received a good tongue drying and a good dose of colostrum.  This cow had a strong mothering instinct and took an pretty equal interest in both calves.  We chose the smaller calf to bring up to calf shed.

Because there is so much snow that we can only get to the calving grounds with the tractor, there are two options for getting them up to the calf shed, inside the cab of the tractor or in the front end loader.  If the calf is small enough, Jim lifts them up into the tractor's cab.  Luckily, they're young enough that Jim can keep them lying down and still drive.  If they're too big to lift into the cab of the tractor or too active, then Jim comes and gets me. We catch the calf and load it into the front end loader.  Jim climbs in to hold the calf, I raise the front end loader and tip the bucket so that it is like a cradle for Jim and the calf.  We drive out of the calving grounds and up the road to the house and calf shed in a procession with Fritz, our border collie, leading the way because he seems to act as if he is in charge of every calf we bring up to the shed.  

The calf shed is actually a shed constructed in the 1940's that has been used for as a chicken house, 4-H pig house and storage.  Currently, it is storage with one end where there are large windows and access to power sectioned off for the purpose of sheltering the bucket calves.  Fresh hay is scattered thickly on the floor and a heat lamp is hung in one corner.  We leave the calf alone.

Checking and warming the new nipple with water.

We gather the equipment, check the nipple, and do the math to figure out the exact ration of colostrum powder to water to make an individual serving for the calf.  In the meantime, the calf is hopefully getting hungry.  It helps if the calf is hungry before we start the next step; teaching the calf how to accept the nipple of the bucket and suck on it.  When a calf nurses naturally, it's standing, stretched out and curves its neck up and under the nipple.  We try to put the calf in the same position to teach it to nurse from the bucket.  Other issues that the calf would have with the bucket is that the nipple isn't as soft or pliable as it's mothers, the bucket doesn't give like it's mother's udder, and I doubt that the milk tastes the same.

Mixing the colostrum with the right temperature of water.

When we teach the calf to nurse from the bucket, we stand the calf in a corner, Jim standing astraddle of it.  I hold the bucket in front and gently press the nipple to the calve's lips.  Jim opens the her mouth and I place the nipple on top of the tongue, hoping the calf will wrap its tongue around the nipple. Usually, Jim has to close the calve's mouth around the nipple and with his hand gently causes the calf to squeeze the nipple forcing milk into the calve's throat.  If the calf resists this, Jim puts a finger inside the mouth pressing on the nipple causing it to squirt the milk into the calves mouth. The calf tries to back away but can't because we have it in a corner.  After a few pumps, the calf has to swallow.  If the calf doesn't swallow, I remove the nipple from the its mouth, Jim raises the calve's head and I gently stroke the outside of its throat which causes the calf to swallow.  Most of the time, after the first few tries, the calf gets the idea and begins to suck on the nipple itself.  Today's calf took only one try before she figured out how to get milk from the bucket.  We'll have to put her in a corner every time we feed her, usually less than four times, until she starts coming to the blue bucket.  From this point on, she will follow the blue bucket anywhere.

After we get her trained to use the bucket, we will find her a different home.  We have three options.  The first option is to take the calf to the grandchildren on the front range.  At the ages of 7 and 8, they are old enough to do most of the care taking but will still need help with teaching her to lead and stand.  They may decide to join the 4-H as Cloverbuds.  Another option is to do what we did two years ago and find kid in 4-H here in Routt County who would like to raise the calf for a bucket calf project.  Pee Wee the Wonder Calf is a story I wrote about our bucket calf of two years ago.  The third option is to call our friend Nancy.  She has cows which are half beef cows and half milk cows.  These cows produce enough milk to grow two or three calves each.  She has worked with them and has trained them to easily take orphan calves as their own.  She buys twin calves or other orphaned calves for her cows now and sells them in the fall.

The twin calf which is still with its mother is doing very well, bouncing around but still staying close to his mother's side.  He has received his number, 5.  Another calf was born this afternoon and as the sun sets is up and going strong also.  He is number 6.  The twin that we have brought up to the calf shed will not receive a herd number.  If the grandkids take her, she will get a herd number if they decide to sell her with our calves next fall; if they decide to sell her on their own she won't have a herd number.   If someone in 4-H wants her for a project, we'll pay all of her expenses and give the one who cared for her all summer a percentage of her sale price so she'll get a herd number if she sells with our herd.  If our friend Nancy takes her, she will get a herd number for Nancy's herd.  We'll keep you informed.

The calf has learned to suck on her own but is still learning to stay attached to the bucket.

Some books about this subject you might be interested in are:

Fiction books

Little Joe by Sandra Neil Wallace ( for third grade or higher)  The story of a nine year old boy who raises a bucket calf for the fair.

Sugar Lump the Orphan Calf  by Lynn Sheffield Simmons (for upper fifth grade or higher)  This is a story of a 12 year old girl raising a bucket calf.  This has a teacher's guide and discussion questions and activities at

http://www.argylebooks.com/SLtOCBS.htm

Nonfiction books

Wow, It’s a Cow by Judy and Jay Harris (toddler to preschool)

 

Cows and Their Calves by Margaret Hall ( early elementary)

Cattle: Cows, Bulls and Calves on the farm by Lorijo Metz (elementary)

Fun and Silly Books

Only a Cow   Lucy, the cow is looking for a more exciting life (preschool and early elementary) 

Amazing Cows by Sandra Boynton   poems, stories, cartoons, games revolving around cows (fun for all ages.  Most school children are familiar with Sandra Boynton books)